How to Use Question Marks Correctly

Although the question mark is one of the easiest punctuation symbols to use in writing, it's easy to misuse it. In part, this may be due to to trying to make it work harder when it doesn't need to be used, or it just might be because it's not well understood that not all question type statements need a question mark. After reading this article though, you'll be much the wiser on knowing how to use a question mark correctly. But you knew that, didn't you?
 

Steps

1.         Note the point of using a question mark. The primary purpose of a question mark is to indicate that the sentence is a question. It's also useful for demonstrating surprise, skepticism, uncertainty, and the unknown.

2.         Use the question mark as an indicator of interrogation. At its most basic, if you're asking a direct question awaiting an answer, you need a question mark:

• How is your sore throat?
• Are the roses wilting?
• When will you be home?
• What is the name of the company you work for?
• Where were you on the night of February 14, 2007?
• Who were you with?
• What were you doing?
• How are question marks supposed to be used?
• Why do people think that rhetorical questions don't end with a question mark?
• Use the question mark for incomplete questions too, such as: "Huh? Really? No joke?

3.         Use question marks for rhetorical questions. Although it is sometimes assumed that rhetorical questions don't require a question mark, they do. In the sentence, "Isn't that ironic?, for example, an exclamation mark could be used instead, to emphasize the speaker's surprise. Here are some examples of rhetorical questions requiring the interrogation point:

• Are you kidding me?
• How should I know?
• What's the use?
• Who cares?

4.         Know how to insert question marks into a sentence. The question mark can be used within a sentence (not just at the end of it) if wished, although you might prefer to use commas and leave the question mark for the end of the sentence – it's your choice, as both ways are correct. For example, take the situation of someone leaving their house in a hurry before a disaster and wondering what they might have time to take with them. The sentence could be written both of the following ways, noting that the second way provides a lot more emphasis:

• Would I have time to take my car, my horse, my photo album, my laptop, my favorite clothes and jewelry?
• Would I have time to take my car? my horse? my photo album? my laptop? my favorite clothes and jewelry? Note that you do not need capital letters as it remains one sentence. In this sentence, the question marks are known as "interrupters" and either emphasize each of the separate question fragments, or show the close-linked nature of them

5.         Use a question mark to show doubt or uncertainty. If there is something stated in a sentence that is unknown, it is appropriate to highlight this fact using a question mark. This is useful for writing up meeting notes, birth and death dates where they are unknown or unverifiable, making editor's notes, etc. Use parentheses, use sparingly, and only use in the right context, such as about a point of fact. Here are some examples:

• Fred was a feisty sailor (? - 1686). Note that this type of question mark is not an end point, hence the need for a period if you say: Fred was born in 1625 (?).
• His ancestor (Fred Barnstar?) was a feisty sailor who died in 1686.
• Mr Barnstar said he'd pay the council (?) dollars to remove the offending graffiti from his garage door, even though he thought it was already covered by his taxes.
• Editor's note: "The cat was able to regurgitate a (?) onto the floor."

6.        Use question marks in titles where the phrase is only completed by the question mark. For example: "How to Watch Do You Want to Be a Millionaire?

7.        Introduce a question into a longer sentence. Sometimes it's appropriate to introduce a question within a long sentence. Simply use a comma and start the question fragment with a capital letter:

• The question was, What was I to do with a rotten apple?
• I asked, "What am I supposed to do with a rotten apple?" This is the best construction for the introduction of a quote.
• Where the introduction is a complete sentence, it's better to use a colon instead – The question I asked my teacher was this: How should I use a rotten apple?

8.           Avoid misuse of question marks. There are occasions where the use of the question mark might seem appropriate but isn't correct. A question mark is not used when asking someone to do something, or to make requests. In the book "Punctuation Pointers", Maxwell Nurnberg states: "We do not use the question mark when we are merely making a request or when we expect no answer." Here are some examples where it's essential to avoid misusing a question mark:

• Where the question asked is indirect, namely it implies a question instead of expressing it, or describes a question without actually asking it directly, there is no need for a question mark. For example:
  • We may expect word from you shortly.
  • He asked me why I was no longer skydiving.
  • She asked if she could leave her gift at the door.
• Where it is a courtesy question, general practice tends to drop the question mark. Note, however, that these kinds of sentences (namely, requests in the form of a question) occur much more frequently in speech than in writing. Question marks, of course, don't apply to speech, except when it's transcribed. For example:
  • Would you please send us a duplicate copy of that invoice.
  • Will you please read the transcript back to me.
  • May we have the pleasure of hearing from you soon.
  • Can I please look at that book.
• Avoid using more than one question mark unless you're texting or actively seeking to drive your reader up the proverbial wall. While writing "Don't you like popular people?????" seems emphatic, it's incorrect for all but the most informal of writing.

How to Use Apostrophes

The rules for apostrophes vary with the type of word. Here's how to use apostrophes so that your writing is clear and short.

Steps

Using Possessive Apostrophes

1.         Use an apostrophe to indicate ownership by a proper noun. An apostrophe with an "s" after a proper noun telegraphs that person, place or organization owns whatever noun follows his or her name. For example, "Mary's lemons". We know the lemons belong to Mary because of the " 's. Other examples include "China's foreign policy" and "the orchestra's conductor.

• When someone's name ends with an "s," it is acceptable to use an apostrophe without an "s" to show ownership. For example, "Isis' temple." If you don't like how the s-less apostrophe looks, rework the order to be something like "the temple of Isis."
• Be careful about applying ownership to certain proper nouns. While "Sunday's football game" is acceptable in conversation, it's not technically correct grammar - because Sunday isn't a person or an organization, it's incapable of ownership. Instead, substitute "the football game on Sunday."

2.        Don't use an apostrophe to indicate ownership when using "it". "China's foreign policy" is correct, but say your reader already knows you're talking about China, and you start referring to the country as "it." If you were to reference something China owned in this way, you'd say "its foreign policy." The reason for this is to avoid confusion between "its" used for possession and "it's" used as a contraction of "it is." If you're not sure whether to use an apostrophe or not, try saying the sentence with "it is" or "it has." If it doesn't make sense (the way that "it is foreign policy" cannot substitute for "China's foreign policy"), then drop the apostrophe.

3.        Use apostrophes to indicate ownership by a plural noun. One common trip-up on apostrophe usage for a plural group occurs when people want to discuss what a family owns. For instance, say the Smart family lives across the street from you and owns a boat. The boat is "the Smarts' boat," not "the Smart's boat." Because you are talking about all of the members of the Smart family, you would start with "Smarts." Because all the Smarts (presumably) own the boat, you add the apostrophe after the "s."

• If the family's last name ends in "s," make it plural before adding an apostrophe. For instance, if you wanted to discuss the Williams family, they would become "the Williamses" in a plural sense. If you wanted to reference their dog, you'd say "the Williamses' dog." If the last name seems awkward to say that way, sidestep the issue by saying "the Williams family" and "the Williams family's dog."
• If you're listing who owns an object, know where to put the apostrophe. For instance, if both John and Mary own a cat, you would write "John and Mary's cat" - not "John's and Mary's cat." "John and Mary" is a cohesive noun phrase, and therefore only needs one apostrophe.

Avoiding Apostrophes for Plurals

1.       In general, don't use an apostrophe to indicate a plural. The wrong use of an apostrophe to form the plural is called the greengrocer's apostrophe, since grocers are often the worst (or at least the most visible) offenders. If you have more than one apple, then write apples, not apple's. An occasional exception to this use is in the case of making a single letter plural. Therefore, Why are there so many i's in the word "indivisibility"? is correct, depending on who you ask. This is simply for clarity reasons, so the reader does not mistake it for the word "is." However, in modern usage, the preference is to avoid inserting an apostrophe and instead surround the single letter in quotation marks before pluralizing it: Why are there so many "I"s in the word "indivisibility"?

2.         Know how to use apostrophes for acronyms and years. Say you use an acronym for a noun, like CD. To make CD plural, use "CDs," not CD's." The same logic goes for years - instead of writing "Spandex was popular in the 1980's," use "1980s." The only time an apostrophe should be used in a year is if it's standing in for omitted numbers. For instance, if you wanted to shorten the year 2005, you could write '05. In this case, the apostrophe is essentially acting like it does in a contraction and serving as shorthand.

Using Apostrophes in Contractions

 1.        Use apostrophes in contractions. Sometimes, especially in informal writing, apostrophes are used to indicate one or more missing letters. For example, the word "don't" is short for "do not"; other examples include "isn't," "wouldn't," and "can't." Contractions can also be made with the verbs "is," "has," and "have." For example, we can write "She's going to school" instead of "She is going to school"; or "He's lost the game" instead of "He has lost the game."

2.        Be aware of the its/it's trap. Use an apostrophe with the word "it" only when you want to indicate a contraction for "it is" or "it has." It is a pronoun, and pronouns have their own possessive form that does not use an apostrophe. For example, "That noise? It's just the dog eating its bone." This may seem confusing, but it follows the same pattern as other possessive pronouns: his, hers, its, yours, ours, theirs.